For example, the nasal sound gives a more personal and speaker-oriented impression than the velars and this contrast can be easily noticed in pairs of synonyms such as node ( ので) and kara ( から) which both mean because, but with the first being perceived as more subjective. In their Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar, Seiichi Makino and Michio Tsutsui point out several other types of sound symbolism in Japanese, that relate phonemes and psychological states. Note that, unlike the other examples, doki doki is the onomatopoeic sound of two beats of a heart. In the examples below, the classified verb or adjective is placed in square brackets. Most sound symbolic words can be applied to only a handful of verbs or adjectives. Just like ideophones in many other languages, they are often introduced by a quotative complementizer to ( と). In Japanese grammar, sound-symbolic words primarily function as adverbs, though they can also function as verbs (verbal adverbs) with the auxiliary verb suru ( する, "do"), often in the continuous/progressive form shiteiru ( している, "doing"), and as adjectives ( participle) with the perfective form of this verb shita ( した, "done"). These divisions are not always drawn: sound-symbolism may be referred to generally as onomatopoeia (though strictly this refers to imitative sounds, phonomimes) phonomimes may not be distinguished as animate/inanimate, both being referred to as giseigo and both phenomimes and psychomimes may be referred to as gitaigo. Psychomime ( 擬情語, gijōgo) words that depict psychological states or bodily feelings. Phenomime ( 擬態語, gitaigo) words that depict states, conditions, or manners of the external world (non-auditory senses), such as "damp" or "stealthily". Inanimate phonomime ( 擬音語, giongo) words that mimic sounds made by inanimate objects, like wind blowing or rain falling. The sound-symbolic words of Japanese can be classified into four main categories: Animate phonomime ( 擬声語, giseigo) words that mimic sounds made by living things, like a dog's bark.
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